Biguanide derivative, preparation method thereof, and pharmaceutical composition containing same as an active ingredient

ABSTRACT

A biguanide derivative compound with N4-N5 substitution, which is represented by Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a method of preparing the same, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same as an active ingredient are provided. The biguanide derivative may exhibit excellent effect on activation of AMPK and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in a low dose, compared with conventional drugs, and thus, may be useful to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, cancer, etc.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent Ser. No.13/520,905, filed on Jul. 6, 2012, entitled “BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE,PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAININGSAME AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT”, which is a 35 U.S.C. §371 national phaseapplication of PCT/KR2011/000098 (WO 2011/083999), filed on Jan. 6,2011, entitled “BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE, PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF, ANDPHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT”,which application Korean Application No. 10-2011-0001442, filed Jan. 6,2011 and Korean Application No. 10-2010-0001021, filed Jan. 6, 2010

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a biguanide derivative exhibitingexcellent effects on activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in a low dosecompared with conventional drugs, a method of preparing the same, and apharmaceutical composition containing the same as an active ingredient.

BACKGROUND ART

Diabetes mellitus, a disease characterized by continuous hyperglycemia,is a disorder that affects the metabolization of carbohydrates andlipids. It is a disease aggravated by bloodstream disorders caused byhyperglycemia and systemic complications caused by decreased utilizationof sugar. Diabetes mellitus is induced by insulin deficiency or insulinresistance, and diabetes mellitus that occurs due to insulin resistanceis called type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by a malfunctioning of insulin indelivering sugar into cells due to the reduction in the number ofinsulin receptors or defects in the signal transduction system through areceptor, a condition known as insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetesmellitus directly destroys blood vessels due to hyperinsulinemia andaggravates metabolic syndrome.

Many kinds of drugs have been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.However, except for biguanide metformin, drugs are only partly effectivein lowering blood sugar and are not sufficient in effectively preventingserious complications such as loss of sight, paralysis, apoplexy, renalfailure, peripheral neuropathy, foot ulcer, etc. For example, asulfonylurea-based drug forces insulin to be secreted from the pancreasto lower blood sugar. The medicinal effects of the sulfonylurea-baseddrug disappear immediately. Also, the sulfonylurea-based drug induces anabnormal lipid metabolism, thereby resulting in arteriosclerosis, weightgain, and brain damage caused by hypoglycemia. In addition, aglitazone-based drug is used in combination with metformin because itresolves the problem of insulin resistance in adipose tissues but has aside effect of destroying the retinal vessels. For these reasons, use ofthe glitazone-based drug requires special attention.

Metformin does not induce hypoglycemia, but it overcomes the problem ofinsulin resistance in adipose tissues, liver tissues and muscle tissues,and it functions to drastically lower blood sugar and decrease the levelof glycosylated hemoglobin.

In addition, metformin is known to activate an AMP-activated proteinkinase that physiologically controlls carbohydrate and lipid metabolismand is also reported to decrease blood sugar level, improve lipidcondition, and normalize menstrual irregularity, ovulation andpregnancy. Moreover, it has been proven that when metformin is used totreat p53 gene-deficient cancer cells, metformin activates an AMPKenzyme of the cancer cells and changes the metabolic energy pathway, andtherefore, the cancer cells finally die [Monica Buzzai et al., SystemicTreatment with the Antidiabetic drug Metformin Selectively Impairsp53-Deficient Tumor Cell Growth, Cancer Res 2007; 67:(14)] since theycannot adjust to the changed metabolic pathway,

In addition, Josie M M Evans reported a study concluding that a type 2diabetes mellitus patient administered with metformin has a lower riskof cancer than a patient who has not been administered with metformin[Josie M M, Evans et al. BMJ. 2005, 330, 1304-1305]. Moreover, SamanthaL. Browker reported that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who takemetformin orally have a lower cancer mortality rate than patients whotake sulfonylurea orally or are administered with insulin [Samantha L etal., Diabetes mellitus Care. 2006, 29, 254-258].

There is an increasing amount of clinical evidence indicating that acancer stem cell is involved in the recurrence and metastasis of cancer.The content of cancer stem cells in a tumor tissue is 0.2% or less, butthe cancer stem cells may not be removed by conventional anticancerchemotherapy. Metformin has an anticancer effect on cancer stem cellsand excellent tolerability. In recent research relating to metformin, ithas been reported that when doxorubicin, which is an anticancer drug, isadministered alone, there is little change in cancer stem cells, butwhen administered together with metformin, it removes cancer stem cells[Heather A. Hirsch et al., Metformin Selectively Targets Cancer StemCells, and Acts Together with Chemotherapy to Block Tumor Growth andProlong Remission, Cancer Res 2009; 69: (19) Oct. 1, 2009].

However, metformin is generally administered three times a day, and asingle dose is approximately 500 mg or more. Thus, to prepare metforminas a sustained-released tablet to be administered once a day, the tabletshould contain approximately 1,500 mg or more of metformin, but such atablet is too large for most patients to take. In addition, sinceextended release formulation available in the current market containsonly approximately 750 mg of metformin, at least two tablets should betaken. For these reasons, a metformin-based substance exhibiting betterpharmacological action than conventional metformin and having improvedphysiochemical characteristics is needed.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

The present invention is directed to provide a novel biguanidederivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which exhibitsexcellent effects on activation of AMPK and inhibition of cancer cellproliferation in a low dose, compared with conventional drugs, and amethod of preparing the same.

The present invention is also directed to provide a pharmaceuticalcomposition containing the above-mentioned compound as an activeingredient to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia,hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, coronary artery disease,osteoporosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, cancer,etc.

Technical Solution

One aspect of the present invention provides a biguanide derivativecompound with N4-N5 substitution, represented by Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In Formula 1, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are independently hydrogen or anon-hydrogen substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with at least one non-hydrogensubstituent selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₂ aryl, C₅₋₁₂heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, hydroxyl and halogen; C₁₋₁₂ alkoxy; C₂₋₄alkenyl; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; hydroxyl; halogen; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂heteroaryl, and the aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one non-hydrogen substituent selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxyl and halogen. Here, thenon-hydrogen substituent for the aryl and heteroaryl may further besubstituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxyl or halogen.

A “substituted” group used herein is a group in which at least onehydrogen atom is replaced with at least one non-hydrogen atom group,provided that the group has to satisfy a requirement of valence andgenerate a chemically stable compound from the substitution. In thespecification, unless explicitly described as “unsubstituted,” it shouldbe understood that all of substituents will be substituted orunsubstituted. The R₁ to R₃ substituents on the biguanide according tothe present invention may each be substituted again with at least one ofthe above-defined substituents.

“Alkyl” refers to linear and branched saturated hydrocarbons, generallyhaving a specified number of carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 12 carbonatoms). Examples of the alkyl group include, without limitation, methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, etc. “Alkenyl” refers to an alkyl groupcontaining at least one double bond. Examples of the alkenyl groupinclude, without limitation, ethenyl, 1-propen-1-yl, 1-propen-2-yl,2-propen-1-yl, allyl, etc. The alkyl or alkenyl may be attached to aparent group or a substrate at any ring atom, unless such attachmentwould violate valence requirements. Likewise, the alkyl or alkenyl groupmay include at least one non-hydrogen substituent unless suchsubstitution would violate valence requirements.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to saturated monocyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbonrings, generally having a specified number of carbon atoms that includethe ring (for example, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl grouphaving 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms as ring members). Thecycloalkyl may be attached to a parent or substrate at any ring atom,unless such attachment would violate valence requirements. Likewise, thecycloalkyl group may include at least one non-hydrogen substituentunless such substitution would violate valence requirements.

“Aryl” refers to monovalent and bivalent aromatic groups, respectivelyincluding 5- and 6-membered monocyclic aromatic groups and “heteroaryl”refers to monovalent and bivalent aromatic groups, respectivelyincluding 5- and 6-membered monocyclic aromatic groups that contain 1 to4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.Examples of the monocyclic aryl group and heteroaryl group include,without limitation, phenyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiopheneyl,thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, etc. The aryland heteroaryl groups also include bicyclic groups, tricyclic groups,etc., including fused 5- and 6-membered rings as described above.Examples of the polycyclic aryl and heteroaryl groups include, withoutlimitation, isoquinolinyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl,carbazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzoimidazolyl, benzothiopheneyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl,purinyl, indolizinyl, etc. The aryl and heteroaryl groups may beattached to a parent group or to a substrate at any ring atom, unlesssuch attachment would violate valence requirements. Likewise, the aryland heteroaryl groups may include at least one non-hydrogen substituentunless such substitution would violate valence requirements.Non-hydrogen substituents of the acryl and heteroaryl groups may also besubstituted with additional non-hydrogen substituents.

“Alkoxy” refers to alkyl-O—. Here, the alkyl is defined above. Examplesof the alkoxy group include, without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, etc.The alkoxy may be attached to a parent group or to a substrate at anyring atom, unless such attachment would violate valence requirements.Likewise, the alkoxy group may include at least one non-hydrogensubstituent unless such substitution would violate valence requirements.

“Hydroxyl” refers to —OH, “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, andiodo.

In the compound of Formula 1 of the present invention, R₁, R₂, and R₃may be independently hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂ alkyl; C₂₋₄ alkenyl; C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl.

Here, the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl may be a linear or branched C₁₋₁₂ alkylunsubstituted or substituted with at least one non-hydrogen substituent.When the alkyl is substituted with a non-hydrogen substituent, the alkylmay be, but is not limited to, a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6carbon atoms. Here, non-hydrogen substituents for the alkyl may beselected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₂ aryl, C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, hydroxyl and halogen, but the present invention is notlimited thereto. The non-hydrogen substituents may also be furthersubstituted or unsubstituted. For example, the aryl and heteroaryl maybe unsubstituted or substituted with at least one non-hydrogensubstituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl and halogen. Here, the non-hydrogen substituent for thearyl and heteroaryl may further be substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl or halogen.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are independently hydrogen or anon-hydrogen substituent selected from the group consisting ofunsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with at least onenon-hydrogen substituent selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₂aryl, C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, hydroxyl and halogen; C₁₋₆alkoxy; unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl; unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl;hydroxyl; halogen; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, the aryl andheteroaryl may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least onenon-hydrogen substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with halogen, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxyl andhalogen. Here, the non-hydrogen substituent for the aryl and heteroarylmay further be substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxyl orhalogen.

In one embodiment, R₁ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from thegroup consisting of unsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl; unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl;unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, R₂ isunsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with C₅₋₁₂ aryl; C₅₋₁₂heteroaryl; or hydrogen, and R₃ is a non-hydrogen substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of unsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkylsubstituted with C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl; unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, the aryl and heteroarylmay be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one non-hydrogensubstituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl and halogen. Here, the non-hydrogen substituent for thearyl and heteroaryl may further be substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl or halogen.

In one embodiment, R₁ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from thegroup consisting of unsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl; unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl;unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, R₂ isunsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with C₅₋₁₂ aryl; C₅₋₁₂heteroaryl; or hydrogen, and R₃ is a non-hydrogen substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of unsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkylsubstituted with C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl; unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl; C₅₋₁₂ aryl; and C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl, the aryl and heteroarylmay be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one non-hydrogensubstituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl and halogen. Here, the non-hydrogen substituent for thearyl and heteroaryl may further be substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxyl or halogen, and the aryl or heteroaryl may be selectedfrom the group consisting of phenyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyridinyl,benzodioxolyl, and naphtyl.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula 1 may beN4-butyl-N5-cycloheptyl biguanide; N4-propyl-N5-methyl biguanide;N4-hexyl-N5-methyl biguanide; N4-allyl-N5-methyl biguanide;N4-benzyl-N5-methyl biguanide; N4-(phenethyl)-N5-methyl biguanide;N4-hexyl-N5-(butane-2-yl)biguanide;N4-(phenethyl)-N5-(butane-2-yl)biguanide; N4,N5-dibutyl biguanide;N4-hexyl-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-isopropyl-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-(butane-2-yl)-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-allyl-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-cyclopentyl-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-butylbiguanide; N4-adamantyl-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-(4-bromo)phenyl-N5-butylbiguanide; N4-benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-(2-chloro)benzyl-N5-butylbiguanide; N4-(3-chloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-(4-chloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide; N4-(4-methoxyl)benzyl-N5-butylbiguanide; N4-(3,4-dichloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-(thiopene-2-yl)ethyl-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-((4-chloro)phenethyl)-N5-butyl biguanide;N4-(pyridine-3-yl)methyl-N5-cyclohexyl biguanide;N4-(phenethyl)-N5-cyclohexyl biguanide;N4-(pyridine-3-yl)methyl-N5-phenyl biguanide; N4-allyl-N5-benzylbiguanide; N4-cyclopentyl-N5-benzyl biguanide; N4-cycloheptyl-N5-benzylbiguanide; N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-benzyl biguanide;N4-butyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-1-adamantyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-phenyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide;N4-(4-chloro)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide;N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide;N4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-benzyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-(4-fluoro)benzyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-(thiopene-2-yl)ethyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide;N4,N5-di(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-methyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(methyl)biguanide;N4-butyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(isopropyl)biguanide;N4-(4-methoxyl)benzyl-N5,N5-(1-naphthylmethyl)(methyl)biguanide;N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(phenethyl)(methyl) biguanide;N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(butyl)(ethyl)biguanide;N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-dihexyl biguanide or N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(butyl)(benzyl)biguanide.

Meanwhile, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound ofFormula 1 according to the present invention may be an acid additionsalt formed using an organic acid or inorganic acid. Examples of theorganic acid include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lacticacid, butyric acid, isobutyic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid,maleic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, succinic acidmonoamide, glutamic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid,glycolic acid, glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, phthalicacid, salicylic acid, anthranyl acid, dichloroacetic acid, aminooxyacetic acid, benzensulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid andmethanesulfonic acid, and examples of the inorganic acid includehydrochloric acid, bromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitricacid, carbonic acid and boric acid. The above-mentioned acid additionsalt may be prepared by a general method of preparing a salt, includinga) directly mixing the compound of Formula 1 and an acid, b) dissolvingone of the compound and an acid in a solvent or a hydrated solvent andmixing the resulting solution with the other element, or c) dissolvingthe compound of Formula 1 and an acid in a solvent or a hydratedsolvent, respectively, and mixing them.

When the compound of Formula 1 has an acid group such as a carboxylgroup and a sulfonic group, the compound may become a zwitterionic salt,and examples of the salt may include alkali metal salts (i.e., a sodiumsalt, a potassium salt, etc.), alkali earth metal salts (i.e., a calciumsalt, a magnesium salt, etc.), inorganic acid-based salts (i.e., analuminum salt, an ammonium salt, etc.), and basic addition salts (i.e.,trimethyl amine, triethyl amine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexyl amine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine-based salt, etc.). In addition, the salt ofthe compound of Formula 1 may be a basic amino acid-based salt (i.e., anarginine, lysine, or ornitine-based salt) or an acidic amino acid-basedsalt (i.e., an aspartame-based salt).

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compoundof Formula 1 may be a salt with an acid selected from the groupconsisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid,butyric acid, isobutyic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid, maleicacid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, succinic acidmonoamide, glutamic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid,glycolic acid, glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, phthalicacid, salicylic acid, anthranyl acid, benzensulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dichloroacetic acid,aminooxy acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, bromic acid, sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid and boric acid.

The compound of Formula 1 according to the present invention may beprepared by multiple methods.

In one embodiment, a method of preparing the compound of Formula 1includes reacting a compound of Formula 2 with a compound of Formula 3in at least one organic solvent in the presence of a base to obtain acompound of Formula 4; and desulfonizing the compound of Formula 4 witha compound of Formula 5 in the presence of a catalyst to obtain thecompound of Formula 1.

In these formulas, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are the same as defined in Formula 1.Also, NCS in Formula 3 refers to isothiocyanate.

In the preparation method, the base may be selected from, but is notlimited to, the group consisting of triethylamine, trimethylamide anddiisopropylethylamine, and the organic solvent may be selected from, butis not limited to, the group consisting of dichloromethane,dichloroethane, and dimethylformamide.

Meanwhile, the catalyst used in the desulfurization may be mercuryoxide, iodomethane, iodomethane/siver nitride, iodomethane/mercurychloride, peroxide, copper or zinc, and preferably mercury oxide, butthe present invention is not limited thereto.

The method may be illustrated in Reaction Scheme 1 and will be describedin steps.

In the method of preparing the compound of Formula 1, the thioureacompound of Formula 4 used as an intermediate may be obtained byreacting the substituted amine of Formula 2 with the compound of Formula3 in at least one organic solvent in the presence of a base. Inaddition, the compound of Formula 4 may be desulfonized with thecompound of Formula 5 in at least one organic solvent in the presence ofa catalyst, thereby obtaining the compound of Formula 1.

As the base used in preparing the thiourea compound of Formula 4,trimethylamine or diisopropylethylamine may be used, and as the organicsolvent, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, or dimethylformamide may beused. The reaction temperature is in the range of 0° C. to roomtemperature.

After the thiourea compound of Formula 4 obtained above is dissolved inat least one organic solvent (i.e., methanol, ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, ordimethylformamide), a catalyst is added, and then the mixture isrefluxed with stirring. Here, the amount of the catalyst isapproximately 1 to 2 molar equivalents to the compound of Formula 4, theamount of the compound of Formula 5 is approximately 1 to 3 molarequivalents to the compound of Formula 4, and the reaction temperatureis in a range of the reflux temperature of the solvent used (i.e., roomtemperature to 90° C. for ethanol). When the reaction is completed, theresulting product is filtered, and the pH of the reaction solution iscontrolled to approximately 4 to 5 using an acid, such as hydrochloricacid. A resulting solution is concentrated and purified, therebyyielding the compound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

Compared to conventional drugs, only a small dose of the compound ofFormula 1 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof obtained assuch may exhibit effects of lowering blood sugar and lowering lipidconcentration, and thus, may be useful to treat diabetes mellitus,obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, coronaryartery disease, osteoporosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolicsyndrome, etc.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a drug comprising thecompound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof asan active ingredient.

Still another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient to treat a diseaseselected from the group consisting of diabetes mellitus, obesity,hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, coronary arterydisease, osteoporosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome,cancer, muscle pain, myocyte damage and rhabdomyolysis, a use of thecompound of Formula 1 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof totreat the above-mentioned disease, and a method of treating the diseaseincluding administering a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound of Formula 1 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof toa patient.

In one embodiment, the diabetes mellitus may be non-insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus.

In one embodiment, the cancer may be breast cancer, colorectal cancer,gastric cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, blood cancer, prostatecancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or endometrialcancer.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in addition to an activeingredient. As used in the present invention, “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” refers to a known pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, which is useful to formulate a pharmaceutically activecompound for administration to a patient and is substantially non-toxicand non-irritating under the conditions it is used. An exact ratio ofthe excipient is determined by standard pharmaceutical practice, as wellas solubility, chemical characteristics and selected route ofadministration of the active compound.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may beformulated in a suitable form for a desired administration method usingsuitable, physiologically acceptable adjuvants such as an excipient, adisintegrating agent, a sweetening agent, a binder, a coating agent, aswelling agent, a lubricating agent, a glossing agent, a flavoringagent, etc.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in the form of atablet, a capsule, a pill, a granule, powder, an injection or a liquid,but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Meanwhile, in the present invention, “patient” refers to warm-bloodedanimals such as mammals with a specific disease, disorder or illness,for example, including humans, orangutans, mice, rats, dogs, cows,chickens, pigs, goats, sheep, etc., but the present invention is notlimited thereto.

In addition, “treating” includes relieving a symptom temporarily orpermanently, eliminating a cause of the symptom, and preventing orlowering occurrence of the symptom, progression of the disease, disorderor illness, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

An effective amount of the active ingredient of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention refers to an amount required fortreating a disease. Therefore, the effective amount may be controlled byvarious factors such as type and severity of a disease, kinds andcontents of an active ingredient and other ingredients contained in thecomposition, a type of formulation, age, body weight, general medicalconditions, sex and diet of a patient, duration and route ofadministration, release rate of the composition, treatment regime, anddrugs simultaneously used. For example, to a male adult having a bodyweight of 60 kg, the compound of Formula 1 may be administered once toseveral times a day in a dosage range from 0.5 to 100 mg/kg of bodyweight. However, the dosage may vary depending on various factors listedabove, and in some cases, a smaller or larger amount than theabove-mentioned dosage of the composition may be administered.

Advantageous Effects

A biguanide derivative of Formula 1 according to the present inventioncan exhibit excellent effects on activation of AMPK and inhibition ofcancer cell proliferation in a low dose compared with conventionaldrugs, and thus, can be useful to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity,hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, coronary arterydisease, osteoporosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome,cancer, etc.

BEST MODE

The advantages and features of the present invention and the method ofrevealing them will be explicit from the following examples described indetail. However, it is to be distinctly understood that the presentinvention is not limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodiedand practiced. It is obvious that the following examples are to completethe disclosure of the invention and to indicate the scope of the presentinvention to a skilled artisan completely, and the present inventionwill be defined only by the scope of the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of N4-butyl-N5-cycloheptyl biguanidehydrochloride

(1-1) Synthesis of 1-isothiocyanatobutane

A solution prepared by dissolving carbon sulfide (4.1 ml, 68.3 mmol) in1,2-dichloroethane (10 ml) was slowly added to a solution prepared bydissolving butyl amine (6.7 ml, 68.3 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 ml)at 0° C. for 15 minutes. After trimethylamine (9.53 ml, 68.3 mmol) wasadded to the mixed reaction solution, and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Ethyl chloroformate (6.5 ml,68.3 mmol) was added to the mixed solution and stirred for 2 hours.After confirming completion of the reaction, water (20 ml) was added tothe reaction vessel, and 2N of a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (20ml) was added. After separating an organic layer, a aqueous layer wasextracted over dichloromethane (3×20 ml). The organic layer was washedwith brine (10 ml), dried on sodium sulfate anhydrous, filtered andconcentrated, thereby obtaining a yellow liquid, 1-isothiocyanatobutane(6.2 g, 78%). The compound was used in the subsequent reaction without afurther purification step.

(1-2) Preparation of 1-butyl-3-cycloheptylthiourea

A solution prepared by dissolving 1-isothiocyanatobutane (3.0 ml, 26.0mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was slowly added to a solution preparedby dissolving 1-cycloheptylamine (3.3 ml, 26.0 mmol) in dichloromethane(20 ml) at 0° C. for 15 minutes. Triethylamine (7.3 ml, 52.1 mmol) wasadded to the mixed reaction solution and stirred at room temperature for2 hours. After confirming completion of the reaction, distilled water(10 ml) was added to the reaction solution, and 1N of an HCl aqueoussolution was added to neutralize. After separating an organic layer, aaqueous layer was extracted over dichloromethane (3×20 ml), and theorganic layer was dried on sodium sulfate anhydrous, filtered andconcentrated. The concentrated organic layer was purified by flashcolumn chromatography (hexane:ethylacetate=3:1), thereby obtaining atarget compound as a yellow liquid (4.1 g, 68%). The compound was usedin the subsequent reaction.

(1-3) Synthesis of N4-butyl-N5-cycloheptyl biguanide hydrochloride

While the compounds (4.1 g, 18.0 mmol) obtained in the previous steps(1-2) were stirred in an ethanol solution (20 ml), mercury oxide (II)(7.8 g, 36.1 mmol) and guanidine hydrochloride (5.2 g, 54.0 mmol) wereadded. The mixed solution was refluxed with stirring for 12 hours, andthe reaction mixture was cooled and filtered using cellite 545. Thefiltrate was concentrated, and the concentrated filtrate was purified byflash column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=9:1). Theresulting compound was dissolved in 6N of a methanol hydrochloridesolution, and then concentrated under reduced pressure, therebyobtaining a target compound as a white solid (2.0 g, 38%).

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (br s, 2H), 6.63 (br s, 3H), 3.54 (m,1H), 2.99 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.49 (m,8H), 1.23-1.37 (m, 4H), 0.83 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 209-210° C.

Thiourea was synthesized by the same method as in Example 1, except thatan amine compound corresponding to the target compound was used insteadof 1-butyl amine and 1-heptyl amine respectively used in steps (1-1) and(1-2) of Example 1, and target compounds of Examples 2 to 50 wereprepared by the same method as step (1-3) of Example 1.

Example 2 N4-propyl-N5-methyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.45 (br s, 2H), 6.70 (br s, 3H), 3.03 (t,2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.67 (d, 3H, J=4.2 Hz), 1.46 (m, 2H), 0.85 (t, 3H, J=7.2Hz); mp 170-171° C.

Example 3 N4-hexyl-N5-methyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.46 (br s, 2H), 6.72 (br s, 3H), 3.06 (t,2H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.66 (d, 3H, J=4.2 Hz), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.31 (m, 6H),0.86 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz)

Example 4 N4-allyl-N5-methyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.65 (br s, 1H), 7.42 (d, 1H, J=4.2 Hz),6.71 (br s, 3H), 5.82 (m, 1H), 5.18 (ddd, 1H, J=16.8, 1.2, 1.2 Hz), 5.09(ddd, 1H, J=10.2, 1.2, 1.2 Hz), 3.75 (m, 2H), 2.68 (d, 3H, J=4.2 Hz); mp156-157° C.

Example 5 N4-benzyl-N5-methyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.90 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz),7.25-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.79 (br s, 3H), 4.35 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 2.71 (d, 3H,J=4.8 Hz); mp 113-115° C.

Example 6 N4-(phenetyl)-N5-methyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (br s, 1H), 7.30 (m,3H), 7.22 (m, 3H), 6.74 (br s, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.78 (t, 2H, J=7.8Hz), 2.66 (d, 3H, J=4.8 Hz); mp 126-127° C.

Example 7 N4-hexyl-N5-(butane-2-yl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.41 (br s, 1H), 7.24 (br s, 1H), 6.58 (br s,3H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.04 (dt, 2H, J=6.0, 6.0 Hz), 1.43 (m, 4H), 1.27 (m,6H), 1.07 (d, 3H, J=4.2 Hz), 0.85 (m, 6H); mp 175-176° C.

Example 8 N4-(phenetyl)-N5-(butyl-2-yl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49 (br s, 1H), 7.21-7.35 (m, 6H), 6.64 (brs, 3H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 1.43 (m,2H), 1.05 (dd, 3H, J=6.6, 2.4 Hz), 0.83 (td, 3H, J=7.8, 2.4 Hz); mp181-183° C.

Example 9 N4,N5-dibutyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 3.11 (m, 4H), 1.47 (tt, 4H, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz),1.30 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, 6H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 112-114° C.

Example 10 N4-hexyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.55 (br s, 2H), 6.68 (br s, 3H), 3.04 (m,4H), 1.44 (m, 4H), 1.23-1.32 (m, 8H), 0.85 (m, 6H)

Example 11 N4-isopropyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.44 (br s, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz),6.61 (br s, 3H), 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 1.40 (tt, 2H, J=7.8, 7.8Hz), 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.05 (d, 6H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.83 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz); mp173-175° C.

Example 12 N4-(butane-2-yl)-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49 (br s, 1H), 7.34 (br s, 1H), 6.62 (brs, 3H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.04 (dt, 2H, J=6.6, 6.6 Hz), 1.44 (m, 4H), 1.29(m, 2H), 1.06 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.87 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz), 0.83 (t, 3H,J=7.8 Hz); mp 193-194° C.

Example 13 N4-allyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (br s, 1H), 7.49 (br s, 1H), 6.70 (brs, 3H), 5.82 (ddt, 1H, J=17.4, 10.8, 5.4 Hz), 5.18 (dd, 1H, J=17.4, 1.8Hz), 5.09 (dd, 1H, J=10.8, 1.8 Hz), 3.72 (dd, 2H, J=5.4, 5.4 Hz), 3.06(dt, 2H, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 0.87 (t, 3H, J=7.8Hz); mp 113-115° C.

Example 14 N4-cyclopentyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.80 (br s, 2H), 6.88 (br s, 3H), 3.85 (m,1H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 1.81 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 6H), 1.29 (m,2H), 0.85 (t, 3H, J=6.6 Hz); mp 190-191° C.

Example 15 N4-(furane-2-yl)methyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.68 (br s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz),7.59 (br s, 1H), 6.81 (br s, 3H), 6.41 (dd, 1H, J=3.3, 1.2 Hz), 6.32 (d,1H, J=3.3 Hz), 4.30 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.06 (dt, 2H, J=6.6, 6.6 Hz),1.44 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 113-114° C.

Example 16 N4-adamantyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.29 (br s, 1H), 7.10 (br s, 1H), 6.57 (brs, 2H), 3.21 (dt, 2H, J=6.6, 6.6 Hz), 2.08 (m, 2H), 2.06 (m, 2H), 1.93(m, 5H), 1.50-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.47 (m, 3H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, 3H,J=7.2 Hz); mp 193-194° C.

Example 17 N4-(4-bromo)phenyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.93 (br s, 1H), 7.92 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (d,2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.16 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.13 (br s, 3H), 3.13 (dt, 2H,J=6.0, 6.0 Hz), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 0.55 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz); mp195-196° C.

Example 18 N4-benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.66 (br s, 1H), 7.24-7.36(m, 5H), 6.83 (br s, 3H), 4.33 (d, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 3.08 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m,2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz)

Example 19 N4-(2-chloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.88 (dd, 1H, J=6.0, 4.5 Hz), 7.61 (br s,1H), 7.44 (dd, 1H, J=7.5, 0.6 Hz), 7.29-7.39 (m, 3H), 6.77 (br s, 3H),4.40 (d. 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.11 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 0.88(t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 147-148° C.

Example 20 N4-(3-chloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (d,1H, J=0.6 Hz), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.81 (br s,3H), 4.34 (s. 2H), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 2H),0.87 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz)

Example 21 N4-(4-chloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.89 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (br s, 1H), 7.36 (d,2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.70 (br s, 3H), 4.27 (d, 2H,J=4.4 Hz), 3.03 (dt, 2H, J=4.4, 4.4 Hz), 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.23 (m, 2H),0.82 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 113-115° C.

Example 22 N4-(4-methoxyl)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.94 (br s, 3H),6.89 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.27 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.10 (dt,2H, J=6.6, 6.6 Hz), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 0.87 (t, 3H, J=7.2)

Example 23 N4-(3,4-dichloro)benzyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.08 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=1.8 HZ),7.64 (br s, 1H), 7.39 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 1.8 HZ), 7.31 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 1.8Hz), 6.84 (br s, 3H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 1.45 (m,2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz)

Example 24 N4-(thiophene-2-yl)ethyl-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.48 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 7.45 (t, 1H, J=4.8Hz), 7.31 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.93 (m, 2H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.97(t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.24 (m, 2H), 0.83 (td, 3H, J=7.6, 1.2HZ); mp 131-133° C.

Example 25 N4-(4-chloro)phenethyl)-N5-butyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.27(d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.70 (br s, 3H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 3.04 (m, 2H), 2.78 (t,2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.42 (m, 2H), 1.26 (m, 2H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz); mp123-124° C.

Example 26 N4-(pyridine-3-yl)methyl-N5-cyclohexyl biguanidehydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.52 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 8.47 (br s, 1H),7.92 (m, 1H), 7.87 (br s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.40 (dd, 1H,J=7.2, 4.8 Hz), 5.39 (s, 2H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.57 (m, 1H),1.04-1.31 (m, 5H); mp 265-266° C.

Example 27 N4-(phenethyl)-N5-cyclohexyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.24 (m, 3H), 6.80 (br s, 3H),3.38 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.68(m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.10-1.27 (m, 5H); mp 183-184° C.

Example 28 N4-(pyridine-3-yl)methyl-N5-phenyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.74 (br s, 1H), 8.58 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz),8.50 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 1.6 Hz), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.41 (dd, 1H,J=7.8, 5.2 Hz), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 4.57 (s, 2H); mp 189-190° C.

Example 29 N4-allyl-N5-benzyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.76 (br s, 1H), 7.24-7.39(m, 5H), 6.88 (br s, 3H), 6.83 (m, 1H), 5.19 (d, 1H, J=17.4 Hz), 5.10(d, 1H, J=10.2 Hz), 4.33 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.76 (m, 2H)

Example 30 N4-cyclopentyl-N5-benzyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.84 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.55 (d, 1H, J=7.2Hz), 7.25-7.38 (m, 5H), 6.70 (br s, 3H), 4.33 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 3.86(m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 4H); mp 166-167° C.

Example 31 N4-cycloheptyl-N5-benzyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.79 (t, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=8.4Hz), 7.25-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.68 (br s, 3H), 4.31 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.60(m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.37 (m, 2H); mp210-202° C.

Example 32 N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-benzyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (br s, 1H), 7.61 (d,1H, J=1.8 Hz), 7.25-7.39 (m, 5H), 6.91 (br s, 3H), 6.42 (dd, 1H, J=2.4,1.8 Hz), 6.32 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 4.35 (s, 4H); mp 116-117° C.

Example 33 N4-butyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.46 (t, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 7.44 (t, 1H, J=4.8Hz), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.19 (m, 3H), 6.62 (br s, 3H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.01 (m,2H), 2.75 (t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.23 (m, 2H), 0.83 (t, 3H,J=7.2 Hz); mp 178-179° C.

Example 34 N4-adamantyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.14 (br s, 1H), 6.58 (brs, 3H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 2.78 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.82-2.01 (m, 9H),1.56-1.68 (m, 6H); mp 251-252° C.

Example 35 N4-phenyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.65 (br s, 1H), 7.23-7.38 (m, 6H), 7.16 (m,2H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 7.06 (br s, 2H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 2.85 (t, 2H, J=7.2Hz); mp 232-233° C.

Example 36 N4-(4-chloro)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.19-7.35 (m, 10H), 6.94 (br s, 3H), 3.41(m, 2H), 2.83 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 115-116° C.

Example 37 N4-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanidehydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.06 (br s, 1H), 8.04 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz),7.75 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.20-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.10 (t, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 6.69(br s, 2H), 3.31 (m, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 150-151° C.

Example 38 N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.88 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (br s, 1H), 7.60 (m,1H), 7.21-7.32 (m, 5H), 6.83 (br s, 3H), 6.42 (m, 1H), 6.31 (m, 1H),4.32 (s, 2H), 3.31 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz)

Example 39 N4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanidehydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.84 (br s, 1H), 7.54 (br s, 1H), 7.21-7.32(m, 5H), 6.85-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.75 (m, 4H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H),3.32 (m, 2H), 2.79 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 168-169° C.

Example 40 N4-benzyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.87 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.53 (t, 1H, J=5.4Hz), 7.17-7.31 (m, 10H), 6.71 (br s, 3H), 4.29 (2H, J=6.0 Hz), 3.29 (m,2H), 2.77 (t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 165-166° C.

Example 41 N4-(4-fluoro)benzyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.96 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.62 (t, 1H, J=5.4Hz), 7.10-7.34 (m, 9H), 6.80 (br s, 3H), 4.31 (d, 2H, J=5.4 Hz), 3.31(m, 2H), 2.81 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 125-127°

Example 42 N4-(thiophene-2-yl)ethyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanidehydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.56 (br s, 2H), 7.36 (dd, 1H, J=5.4, 0.6Hz), 7.21-7.32 (m, 5H), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=5.4, 3.6 Hz), 6.90 (d, 1H, J=3.6Hz), 6.73 (br s, 3H), 3.28-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.00 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.79(t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 183-185° C.

Example 43 N4-N5-di(phenethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.47 (t, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 7.15-7.28 (m, 5H),6.64 (br s, 1H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 2.73 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 183-184° C.

Example 44 N4-methyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(methyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.78 (q, 1H, J=4.2 Hz), 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H),6.66 (br, 3H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.73 (d, 3H, J=4.2 Hz); mp120-122° C.

Example 45 N4-butyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(isopropyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (br s, 1H), 7.23-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.67 (brs, 3H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.45 (m, 1H) 2.99 (m, 2H), 1.33 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d,6H, J=6.6 Hz), 1.06 (m, 2H), 0.77 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz); mp 170-171° C.

Example 46 N4-(4-methoxyl)benzyl-N5,N5-(1-naphthylmethyl)-(methyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.29 (br s, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H. J=7.8 Hz) 7.87(d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 7.2 Hz), 7.33 (d,1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.86 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.82 (brs, 3H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 4.26 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s,3H); mp 125-127° C.

Example 47 N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(phenethyl)(methyl)biguanidehydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.67 (br s, 1H), 7.17-7.28 (m, 10H), 6.56(br s, 3H), 3.42 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.22 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.76 (m,4H); mp 144-145° C.

Example 48 N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(butyl)(ethyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (br s, 1H), 7.20-7.31 (m, 5H), 6.50 (brs, 3H), 3.31 (dt, 2H, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz), 3.23 (m, 4H), 2.83 (t, 2H, J=7.2Hz), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.23 (m, 2H), 1.04 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz), 0.87 (t, 3H,J=7.2 Hz); mp 228-229° C.

Example 49 N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-dihexyl biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.51 (br s, 1H), 7.15-7.26 (m, 5H), 6.50 (brs, 3H), 3.17-3.21 (m, 6H), 2.79 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.39 (m, 4H),1.14-1.25 (m, 12H), 0.82 (t, 6H, J=7.2 Hz); mp 138-140° C.

Example 50 N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(butyl)(benzyl)biguanide hydrochloride

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.69-7.71 (br s, 1H), 7.19-7.36 (m, 10H),6.67 (br s, 3H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.17 (t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz),2.83 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.37 (m, 2H), 1.16 (m, 2H), 0.80 (t, 3H, J=7.8Hz); mp 184-185° C.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES

The effects on inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and activation ofAMPK of the compounds synthesized by the method described in theexamples of the present invention were evaluated according to thefollowing Experimental Examples.

Experimental Example 1 Measurement of Effect on Inhibition of CancerCell Proliferation

HCT116 cells derived from human colorectal cancer were used, and acancer cell proliferation inhibition effect of a biguanide derivativewas confirmed by measuring a concentration value (cell growth inhibitionconcentration, GIC50) at which cell growth was inhibited 50% using a3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)reagent.

First, the HCT116 cells were put on a 96-well plate and incubated for 24hours to each have cell count of approximately 5000 in a DMEM mediumcontaining 10% fetal bovine serum. Subsequently, to obtain the GIC50value of each compound, 100 μM (or 200 μM), 25 μM, 6.25 μM, 1.56 μM or0.39 μM of the compound was treated to each culture medium and thenincubated for 48 hours. To confirm living cells after treatment with thecompound, MTT was added to each culture medium and further incubated for3 hours. Generated formazane crystal was dissolved using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and absorbance of the solution was measured at 560 nm.After the 48-hour incubation, a ratio of a cell count cultured on a wellplate not administered with the compound to a cell count present on thewell plate administered with compounds synthesized in the examples wasindicated as cell viability (%) according to each administeredconcentration. A cell viability curve was plotted using the cellviability (%) and the calculated concentration value (GIC50) of thecompound, at which 50% of the growth was inhibited, to confirm an effecton the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.

Results of effects on cancer cell growth inhibition are shown in Table1.

TABLE 1 GIC50 (uM) @ Examples HCT116 Metformin HCl 2172 1 >200 2 >1003 >100 4 >100 5 >100 6 >100 7 >100 8 >100 9 >100 10 30.3 11 >100 12 >20013 >200 14 >100 15 >200 16 34.7 17 126.3 18 >200 19 >100 20 54.1 21 13.522 >100 23 35.3 24 >100 25 26.5 26 >100 27 >100 28 >100 29 >200 30 >20031 >100 32 >100 33 6.5 34 18.7 35 104.7 36 9.3 37 12.4 38 >100 39 >10040 85.6 41 42.8 42 76.0 43 70.2 44 >100 45 >100 46 99.1 47 >100 48 >10049 >100 50 59.1

Experimental Example 2 Measurement of Effect on AMPK Activation

MCF7 cells derived from human breast cancer cells were used, and aneffect of a biguanide derivative on AMPK activation was confirmed usingan AMPKα immunoassay kit (Invitrogen, catalog No. KH00651).

The MCF7 cells were put on a 6-well plate and incubated in a DMEM mediumcontaining 10% fetal bovine serum in an incubator to which 5% CO₂ wassupplied to have a cell count of approximately 5×10⁵. 50 μM of thederivatives synthesized in the examples were treated to the each culturemedium, and the cells were incubated for 24 hours. Subsequently, thecells were lysed by a method presented in the operation manual of theAMPKα immunoassay kit, and 20 μg of cell lysates were yielded throughprotein assay. A degree of phosphorylation of an AMPKα threonine172^(nd) residue (Thr172) from the cell lysates was confirmed accordingto a method presented in the operation manual of the AMPKα immunoassaykit to thereby obtain results. A degree of the AMPK activation bybiguanide derivatives was exhibited as a degree of phosphorylated AMPKαin the cells cultured in the presence of the compounds synthesized inthe examples based on phosphorylated AMPKα in cells cultured withoutadministering the biguanide derivative.

In addition, an experiment was performed in the same manner as describedin Experimental Example 2 using metformin as a control group, and theresults of the effect on AMPK activation were compared with the effecton AMPK activation when 1 mM metformin was administered.

The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 AMPK Activation Examples 0 50 uM Fold Metformin 6.8 21.5 3.2 HCl(@ 1 mM) 1 5.3 21.1 4.0 2 6.8 6.5 1.0 3 6.8 35.5 5.2 4 6.8 5.3 0.8 5 6.810.8 1.6 6 6.8 33.1 4.9 7 6.8 39.5 5.8 8 6.8 18.4 2.7 9 6.8 25.6 3.8 105.3 38.1 7.2 11 6.8 4.2 0.6 12 5.3 8.1 1.5 13 5.3 20.5 3.9 14 6.8 23.23.4 15 5.3 19.4 3.7 16 5.3 35.3 6.7 17 6.8 26.3 3.9 18 5.3 9.6 1.8 196.8 19.1 2.8 20 4.9 7.2 1.5 21 N.D 22 6.8 29.9 4.4 23 2.5 19.5 7.8 246.8 29.9 4.4 25 2.5 16.7 6.7 26 6.8 15.4 2.3 27 6.8 18.7 2.7 28 6.8 6.71.0 29 5.3 5.5 1.0 30 5.3 7.3 1.4 31 6.8 44.6 6.6 32 6.8 16.9 2.5 33 N.D34 2.5 20.8 8.3 35 6.8 9.0 1.3 36 N.D 37 2.5 10.2 4.1 38 6.8 22.0 3.2 396.8 6.4 0.9 40 5.3 20.5 3.9 41 2.5 10.1 4.0 42 5.3 31.5 5.9 43 5.3 23.84.5 44 6.8 12.8 1.9 45 6.8 7.1 1.0 46 5.3 19.5 3.7 47 6.8 7.2 1.1 48 6.86.6 1.0 49 6.8 35.2 5.2 50 5.3 21.4 4.0

Consequently, it was seen that the derivatives synthesized in theexamples effectively inhibited the viability of cancer cells,particularly, colorectal cancer cells, in terms of the effect on cancercell proliferation inhibition. In addition, it could be observed thatthe compounds exhibiting a greater effect on AMPK activation at aconcentration 20 times lower than the control group, metformin, may havean effect at least 20 times greater than the control group.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of treating colorectal cancer orbreast cancer, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof, apharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof a compound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofof [Formula 1]

wherein, R₁ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with phenyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl substitutedwith C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl wherein C₅₋₁₂ heteroaryl is selected from thegroup consisting of furanyl and pyridinyl; phenyl unsubstituted orsubstituted with halogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with halogen, andunsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; wherein the phenyl of C₁₋₆ alkylsubstituted with phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with at leastone non-hydrogen substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkoxy and halogen, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁₋₇ alkyl or hydrogen; and R₃is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with phenyl or naphthyl; or the compound ofFormula 1 is N4-methyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(methyl) biguanide.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula 1 isN4-cyclopentyl-N5-benzyl biguanide; N4-cycloheptyl-N5-benzyl biguanide;N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-benzyl biguanide; N4-1-adamantyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-phenyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-(4-chloro)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4-(furan-2-yl)methyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide; N4-benzyl-N5-(phenethyl)biguanide; N4-(4-fluoro)benzyl-N5-(phenethyl) biguanide;N4,N5-di(phenethyl) biguanide; N4-methyl-N5,N5-(benzyl)(methyl)biguanide; N4-(4-methoxy)benzyl-N5,N5-(1-naphthylmethyl)(methyl)biguanide; or N4-(phenethyl)-N5,N5-(phenethyl) (methyl) biguanide. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is asalt with an acid selected from the group consisting of formic acid,acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, isobutyic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, fumaricacid, succinic acid, succinic acid monoamide, glutamic acid, tartaricacid, oxalic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, glucuronic acid, ascorbicacid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, salicylic acid, anthranyl acid,benzensulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid,dichloroacetic acid, aminooxy acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, bromicacid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid andboric acid.